{"product_id":"the-culture-of-sectarianism-community-history-and-violence-in-nineteenth-century-ottoman-lebanon-9780520218468","title":"The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon","description":"Focusing on Ottoman Lebanon, Ussama Makdisi shows how sectarianism was a manifestation of modernity that transcended the physical boundaries of a particular country. His study challenges those who have viewed sectarian violence as an Islamic response to westernization or simply as a product of social and economic inequities among religious groups. The religious violence of the nineteenth century, which culminated in sectarian mobilizations and massacres in 1860, was a complex, multilayered, subaltern expression of modernization, he says, not a primordial reaction to it.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Makdisi argues that sectarianism represented a deliberate mobilization of religious identities for political and social purposes. The Ottoman reform movement launched in 1839 and the growing European presence in the Middle East contributed to the disintegration of the traditional Lebanese social order based on a hierarchy that bridged religious differences. Makdisi highlights how European colonialism and Orientalism, with their emphasis on Christian salvation and Islamic despotism, and Ottoman and local nationalisms each created and used narratives of sectarianism as foils to their own visions of modernity and to their own projects of colonial, imperial, and national development. Makdisi's book is important to our understanding of Lebanese society today, but it also makes a significant contribution to the discussion of the importance of religious discourse in the formation and dissolution of social and national identities in the modern world.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/sureshotbooks-com.myshopify.com\/search?type=product%2Carticle%2Cpage\u0026amp;q=AUTH-3620309\"\u003eUssama Makdisi\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/b\u003e University of California Press\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e 07\/19\/2000\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePages:\u003c\/b\u003e 274\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eBinding Type:\u003c\/b\u003e Paperback\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight:\u003c\/b\u003e 0.89lbs\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 8.92h x 6.24w x 0.67d\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN13:\u003c\/b\u003e 9780520218468\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN10:\u003c\/b\u003e 0520218469\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eBISAC Categories:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/sureshotbooks-com.myshopify.com\/search?type=product%2Carticle%2Cpage\u0026amp;q=CAT-HIS\"\u003eHistory\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/sureshotbooks-com.myshopify.com\/search?type=product%2Carticle%2Cpage\u0026amp;q=BISAC-HIS026000\"\u003eMiddle East | General\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e- \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/sureshotbooks-com.myshopify.com\/search?type=product%2Carticle%2Cpage\u0026amp;q=CAT-HIS\"\u003eHistory\u003c\/a\u003e | \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/sureshotbooks-com.myshopify.com\/search?type=product%2Carticle%2Cpage\u0026amp;q=BISAC-HIS037060\"\u003eModern | 19th Century\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout the Author\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eUssama Makdisi\u003c\/b\u003e is Professor of History and the first Arab-American Educational Foundation Chair of Arab Studies at Rice University. He is the author of \u003ci\u003eAge of Coexistence\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eArtillery of Heaven\u003c\/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003eFaith Misplaced\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"University of California Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44543757418733,"sku":"9780520218468","price":53.25,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0550\/8097\/6621\/products\/img_d41bfa62-cec2-49aa-8908-aee3ba64c577.jpg?v=1701546614","url":"https:\/\/sureshotbooks.com\/es\/products\/the-culture-of-sectarianism-community-history-and-violence-in-nineteenth-century-ottoman-lebanon-9780520218468","provider":"SureShot Books Publishing LLC","version":"1.0","type":"link"}